japanese indo blood not homogeneous mixed blood myth japan sea

The origins of the Japanese people is not entirely clear yet. It is common for Japanese people to think that Japan is not part of Asia since it is an island, cut off from the continent. This tells a lot about how they see themselves in relation to their neighbours. But in spite of what the Japanese may think of themselves, they do not have extraterrestrial origins, and are indeed related to several peoples in Asia.
We shall have to go back a long way through history and analyse in depth the genetics, culture and language of the archipelago and try to find out whether the Japanese are indeed unique, and in what way.
During the last Ice Age, which ended approximately 15,000 years ago, Japan was connected to the continent through several land bridges, notably one linking the Ryukyu Islands to Taiwan and Kyushu, one linking Kyushu to the Korean peninsula, and another one connecting Hokkaido to Sakhalin and the Siberian mainland. In fact, the Philippines and Indonesia were also connected to the Asian mainland. This allowed migrations from China and Austronesia towards Japan, about 35,000 years ago. These were the ancestors of the modern Ryukyuans (Okinawans), and the first inhabitants of all Japan.
The Ainu came from Siberia and settled in Hokkaido and Honshu some 15,000 years ago, just before the water levels started rising again. Nowadays the Ryukuyans, the Ainus and the Japanese are considered three ethnically separate groups. We will see why.

china history tribute system win-win moral chinese hegemony difference west asia peaceful

The Imperial tributary system of China was the network of trade and foreign relations between China and its tributaries that helped to shape much of East Asian affairs. Contrary to other tribute systems around the world, the Chinese tributary system consisted almost entirely of mutually-beneficial economic relationships,[1] and member states of the system were politically autonomous and, in almost all cases, independent as well.[2] Through the tribute system, which facilitated frequent economic and cultural exchange, the various dynasties of Imperial China "deeply influenced the culture of the peripheral countries and also drew them into a China-centered, or "sino-centric", international order."[3] The Imperial tributary system shaped foreign policy and trade for over 2,000 years of Imperial China's economic and cultural dominance of the region, and thus played a huge role in the History of Asia, and the History of East Asia in particular.[4] Recently, some scholars have argued that it is misleading to think of a millennial tribute "system," rather than a loose set of expectations and precedents and they suggest that the system only flourished in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.[5]

income jew vs other races

 Since many careers in science, business, and academia generally pay well, Jewish Americans also tend to have a higher average income than most Americans. The 2000–2001 National Jewish Population Survey shows that the median income of a Jewish family is $54,000 a year

By race

  1. Asian American : $68,088[1]
  2. Pacific Islands American : $ 58,859[1]
  3. White American : $ 54,857[1] (includes White Hispanics)
  4. Total Population : $ 51,914[1]
  5. Native American : $ 38,806[1]
  6. African American : $ 35,341[1]

By Ancestry or ethnicity

  1. Indian American : $86,135[2]
  2. South African American : $81,912[3]
  3. Filipino American : $76,954[2]
  4. Taiwanese American : $73,988[2]
  5. Maltese American : $72,847[3]
  6. British American : $72,268[3]
  7. Russian American : $72,179[3]
  8. Australian American : $72,104[3]
  9. Latvian American : $71,797[3]
  10. Iranian American : $68,028[3]
  11. Lithuanian American : $67,493[3]
  12. Lebanese American : $67,264[3]
  13. Chinese American : $67,211[2]
  14. Fijian American : $67,003[2]
  15. Austrian American : $66,928[3]
  16. Israeli American : $66,695[3]
  17. Melanesian American : $66,794[2]
  18. Japanese American : $66,443[2]
  19. Scandinavian American : $66,219[3]
  20. Sri Lankan American : $65,606[2]
  21. Slovene American : $65,269[3]
  22. Slavic Americans : $65,263[3]
  23. Croatian American : $64,882[3]
  24. Scottish American : $64,446[3]
  25. Icelandic American : $64,403[3]
  26. Romanian American : $64,390[3]
  27. Italian American : $64,301[3]
  28. Greek American : $64,227[3]
  29. Luxembourgian American : $63,841[3]
  30. Swiss American : $63,682[3]
  31. Belgian American : $63,526[3]
  32. Serbian American : $63,319[3]
  33. Basque American : $63,305[3]
  34. Polish American : $62,862[3]
  35. Egyptian American : $62,812[3]
  36. Okinawan American : $62,725[2]
  37. Syrian American : $62,637[3]
  38. Ukrainian American : $62,342[3]
  39. Welsh American : $62,226[3]
  40. Hungarian American : $62,002[3]
  41. Danish American : $61,920[3]
  42. Croatian American : $61,786[3]
  43. Canadian American : $61,716[3]
  44. Swedish American : $61,549[3]
  45. Bolivian American : $61,501[2]
  46. Macedonian American : $61,409[3]
  47. Pakistani American : $61,279[2]
  48. Hawaiian American : $60,988[2]
  49. Norwegian American : $60,935[3]
  50. Malaysian American : $60,613[2]
  51. French Canadian American : $60,559[3]
  52. Palauan American : $60,471[2]
  53. Portuguese American : $60,251[3]
  54. Slovak American : $59,954[3]
  55. Czechoslovakian American : $59,815[3]
  56. Indonesian American : $59,509[2]
  57. German American : $59,383[3]
  58. Finnish American : $59,379[3]
  59. English American : $59,141[3]
  60. Chilean American : $58,579[2]
  61. Irish American : $58,634[3]
  62. Polynesian American : $58,582[2]
  63. Bulgarian Americans : $58,437[3]
  64. Celtic American : $58,165[3]
  65. Cameroonian American : $57,589[3]
  66. Nigerian American : $57,375[3]
  67. Chamorro American : $57,249[2]
  68. Argentine American : $56,918[2]
  69. Armenian American : $56,674[3]
  70. Scotch-Irish American : $56,658[3]
  71. Turkish American : $56,480[3]
  72. Arab American : $56,433[3]
  73. Cajun American : $56,344[3]
  74. Palestinian American : $55,950[3]
  75. Yugoslav American : $55,702[3]
  76. Sierra Leonean American : $55,305[3]
  77. Vietnamese American : $55,132[2]
  78. Laotian American : $55,119[2]
  79. French American : $55,071[3]
  80. Guyanese American : $54,943[3]
  81. Albanian American : $54,356[3]
  82. Spanish American : $54,275[2]
  83. Dutch American : $53,985[3]
  84. Barbadian American : $53,978[3]
  85. Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac Americans : $53,471[3]
  86. Korean American : $53,154[2]
  87. Algerian American : $52,815[3]
  88. Samoan American : $52,588[2]
  89. Venezuelan American : $52,435[2]
  90. Thai American : $52,367[2]
  91. Kenyan American : $51,725[3]
  92. Ghanaian American : $51,067[3]
  93. Paraguayan American : $50,930[2]
  94. Micronesian American : $50,855[2]
  95. Colombian American : $50,731[2]
  96. Antiguan and Barbudan American : $50,341[3]
  97. Tongan American : $50,257[2]
  98. Costa Rican American : $50,197[2]
  99. Peruvian American : $50,179[2]
  100. Cambodian American : $49,870[2]
  101. Panamanian American : $49,834[2]
  102. Brazilian American : $49,830[3]
  103. Ecuadorian American : $49,755[2]
  104. Jamaican American : $49,634[3]
  105. Nicaraguan American : $49,335[2]
  106. Grenadian American : $49,097[3]
  107. Uruguayan American : $48,991[2]
  108. Vincent-Grenadine Islander American : $48,147[3]
  109. Jordanian American : $47,692[3]
  110. British West Indian American : $47,449[3]
  111. West Indian American : $47,373[3]
  112. Burmese American : $47,259[2]
  113. American : $46,882[3]
  114. Hmong American : $46,634[2]
  115. Belizean American : $46,453[3]
  116. Nepalese American : $46,351[2]
  117. Bangladeshi American : $46,157[2]
  118. Saint Lucian American : $45,073[3]
  119. Cape Verdean American : $44,811[3]
  120. Moroccan American : $44,521[3]
  121. Salvadoran American : $44,322[2]
  122. Haitian American : $44,135[3]
  123. Cuban American : $43,857[2]
  124. Pennsylvania German American : $43,788[3]
  125. Afghan American : $43,023[3]
  126. Bahamian American : $41,925[3]
  127. Congolese American : $41,563[3]
  128. Hispanic and Latino Americans : $41,534[2]
  129. Guatemalan American : $41,372[2]
  130. Dutch West Indian American : $41,029[3]
  131. Subsaharan African American : $40,977[3]
  132. Mexican American : $40,588[2]
  133. Ethiopian American : $40,309[3]
  134. Liberian American : $40,277[3]
  135. Senegalese American : $39,410[3]
  136. African American : $38,705[3]
  137. Puerto Rican American : $38,426[2]
  138. Honduran American : $37,901[2]
  139. Kurdish American : $35,638[3]
  140. Dominican American : $34,925[2]
  141. Yemeni American : $34,667[3]
  142. Sudanese American : $32,165[3]
  143. Iraqi American : $32,075[3]
  144. Mongolian American : $31,915[2]
  145. Marshallese American : $26,914[2]
  146. Bhutanese American : $17,843[2 

New Picture of Intelligence Highlights the Overlooked Role of Visuospatial Abilities visuospatial intelligence genius iq

WASHINGTON - When we say that people "know their way around," we really mean they're smart. Now, psychologists have evidence that strong visuospatial skills and working memory may be at least as good as verbal skills and working memory as indicators of general intelligence. New research correlates visuospatial abilities, less extensively explored than verbal abilities in intelligence research, with the brain's "executive function," the central cognitive command and control that may lie at the heart of smarts. These findings appear in the December issue of the Journal of Experimental Psychology - General, published by the American Psychological Association (APA).
A five-psychologist research team from across the United States tested 167 participants on a variety of tasks to discern the relationships among spatial abilities (abilities to solve visuospatial problems), visuospatial working memory (an ability to temporarily store relevant visuospatial information), and executive functioning (the brain's supervisory or regulatory functions). The resulting pattern of interactions paint a clear picture.
Participants who were good at complex visuospatial tasks that involved visually encoding items, maintaining those images, and manipulating them -- in other words, people who had more effective "inner sketchpads" (useful in everything from rearranging the furniture to fitting luggage into the trunk of the car) -- also performed better on executive function tasks. Such executive functions, somewhat analogous to the functions of company executives, included coordinating multiple tasks, setting up and managing various goals and subgoals, avoiding impulsive response tendencies and inhibiting automatic but incorrect responses.
Because psychologists are coming to view executive functioning -- supported by the brain's frontal lobes and crucial in regulating and controlling behavior -- as central to the concept of intelligence, the results tie visuospatial ability to general intelligence.
Miyake et al. also looked at how well visuospatial working memory and executive function correlated with three basic spatial abilities. Executive ability had the strongest correlation with spatial visualization, which required complex multi-step visuospatial reasoning, and the lowest correlation with perceptual speed, which required quick visual matching of simple shapes. (The third ability tested was spatial relations, which required mentally rotating a simple figure quickly.)
In short, participants who were better "visualizers" and can solve complex visuospatial problems accurately and quickly also had stronger executive function. This makes sense, say the researchers, because spatial visualization tests are more complex than perceptual speed tests and thus draw on the mental "executive" more fully, revealing the close ties between the two.
According to the authors, the implications are clear for everything from measurement to education and training, with potential for ensuring that the intelligence of visuospatially oriented people is not discounted. These people have been viewed as having strengths limited to the practical, mechanical and technical realms. "Traditional IQ tests have more verbally oriented items than visuospatial," says the article's lead author, Akira Miyake, Ph.D., of the University of Colorado at Boulder. "Understanding the nature of visuospatial abilities and their relationships to general intelligence or to general-purpose executive functions should contribute strongly to more fair and comprehensive tests of intelligence."
The study also lends support to the emerging view that intelligence has both multiple discrete components -- such as, for example, the independent verbal and visuospatial domains -- and an over-arching general aspect, which Miyake et al. believe may be "executive function," tapped when the domains undertake more complex or novel tasks. Executive function may also coordinate and modulate the domains' various lower-level processes.
The article's other co-authors are Naomi P. Friedman, Ph.D., also of the University of Colorado at Boulder; David A. Rettinger, Ph.D., of Yeshiva University; Priti Shah, Ph.D., of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and Mary Hegarty, Ph.D., of the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Article: "How are Visuospatial Working Memory, Executive Functioning, and Spatial Abilities Related? A Latent-Variable Analysis;" Akira Miyake, Ph.D., and Naomi P. Friedman, University of Colorado at Boulder; David A. Rettinger, Ph.D., Yeshiva University; Priti Shah, Ph.D., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and Mary Hegarty, Ph.D., University of California, Santa Barbara; Journal of Experimental Psychology - General, Vol. 130, No. 4.
Akira Miyake can be reached by phone at 303-492-2305.
The American Psychological Association (APA), in Washington, DC, is the largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States and is the world's largest association of psychologists. APA's membership includes more than 155,000 researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants and students. Through its divisions in 53 subfields of psychology and affiliations with 60 state, territorial and Canadian provincial associations, APA works to advance psychology as a science, as a profession and as a means of promoting human welfare.

Mixed race more popular dating agency

Actor Keanu Reeves and supermodel Devon Aoki have more in common than fame, fortune and good looks—both are also part Asian. Known in popular culture by the Hawaiian term hapa (meaning "half"), people with mixed Asian and European origins have become synonymous with exotic glamour. In Hong Kong and Singapore, half-Asian models now crowd runways once dominated by leggy blondes. In the elite world of Asian fashion, half-Asian is the new white.
The trend may seem little more than an effect of 21st century globalization. As more individuals of mixed descent achieve fame (think Norah Jones and Tiger Woods), it seems natural that society would embrace the mixed look. Media exposure, however, doesn't fully explain the perception of hapa beauty.
Eurasians may possess genetic advantages that lead to greater health and, as a result, enhanced attractiveness. That's according to a study, the first to find that hapa faces are rated as more beautiful than European or Japanese faces. Researchers say the finding may extend to other racial mixes as well.
The experiment by Gillian Rhodes, a psychologist at the University of Western Australia, found that when Caucasian and Japanese volunteers looked at photos of Caucasian, Japanese and Eurasian faces, both groups rated the Eurasian faces as most attractive. These visages were created by first digitally blending a series of faces from each race into "composites" to create average, middle-of-the-road features typical of each race. Past studies show that "average" features are consistently rated as more attractive than exaggerated features—such as an unusually wide forehead or a small chin.
The finding that Japanese and white subjects preferred mixed-race faces was surprising because, earlier in the same study, most volunteers rated their own race as more beautiful than others. That is, white people typically prefer whites when choosing an ideal image of beauty; blacks prefer blacks; etc.
So why might hapas be considered particularly beautiful? Evolutionary psychologists say it's because Eurasians and other mixed race individuals appear healthier. Humans, like other animals, look for markers of good genetic health in their quest for a reproductive partner. Take facial symmetry, for example: Studies show that, whether they know it or not, people prefer individuals with evenly spaced eyes and other signs of congruence. In evolutionary terms, these markers are associated with healthy conditions in the womb. Infants exposed prenatally to toxins or pathogens may develop facial irregularities and asymmetry. The human brain may be wired to avoid these overt cues of lackluster health, says R. Elisabeth Cornwell, a psychologist at the University of Colorado. "The signs of beauty are the signs of health," she says. Rhodes' findings seem to fit this paradigm: Participants in her study said the Eurasian faces appeared healthier, too.
Similarly, evidence suggests that half-Asians' diverse genetic ancestry would enhance health. According to evolutionary psychologist Randy Thornhill, at the University of New Mexico, "If you hybridize two genetically diverse populations—another way of saying you cross races—then you create more genetic diversity in the offspring."
Genetic diversity, or heterozygosity, is associated with a lower incidence of some diseases. Genetic diseases, such as hemophilia and Tay-Sachs, occur when a person inherits two copies of a defective gene. This is more likely to happen in isolated populations with little genetic diversity.
In 2004, Craig Roberts, professor of biology at the University of Newcastle in the U.K., found the first direct link between diverse genes and facial attractiveness. He examined genes of the major
histocompatability complex (MHC)—a set of genes crucial to a well-functioning immune system. Photos of people with the greatest MHC diversity were rated more attractive than individuals with less MHC diversity. Here, actual health—the ability to resist infection—was linked to perceptions of attractiveness. Roberts believes this preference helps humans pick healthy mates.
Which features radiate both health and beauty? One may be the appearance of the skin. In a second experiment, Roberts found that women rated close-up photos of heterozygous males' skin as healthier than close-ups of homozygous males' skin, and these judgments correlated with ratings of overall attractiveness.
Ostensibly, evidence that Caucasians and Asians prefer mixed race faces counters a major tenet of mating theory: that we are drawn to partners who resemble ourselves, such as those with similar hair and eye color.
So does this new research explain the popularity of Brazilians, who frequently have blended racial heritage, as fashion models? That remains to be seen. Says Rhodes: "If a preference for mixed-race faces occurs for many different mixes, we could be more confident that it is tapping into something fundamental about human perceptions of attractiveness."
 
 
 
  When it comes to initial online dating preferences in America, multiracial individuals, in particular multiracial Asian Americans, have moved to the top of the racial hierarchy of dating preference patterns. In a new study about to be published in "American Sociological Review," researchers from the University of Texas and University of Massachusetts examined 6.7 million initial messages sent between heterosexual women and men from 2003 to 2010 on one of the largest dating websites in the United States to see how often daters of different races received responses.
"How Asians are treated in the dating market is highly gendered," University of Texas Austin Assistant Professor of Sociology Ken-Hou Lin told NBC News, "Asian women often receive similarly favorable treatment as white women do, while Asian men experience a level of discrimination that is comparable to black men."

Now, however, multiracial Asian Americans who self-identified as "Asian-white" were among the most popular of the racial groups. According to Professor Lin, "Both [multiracial] Asian-white women and men receive acceptance that are similar to those of whites. In fact, our studies find that white and Asian men are more likely to respond to [multiracial] Asian-white women than either Asian or white women."
Multiracial "Asian-white" men were also preferred by Asian American women over (monoracial) Asian men and over white men.

White women responded to multiracial "Asian-white" men and white men most frequently, and they responded to (monoracial) Asian men and to African American men the least.
Related: The New America: Study Examines Modern Multiracial Identies
"One potential explanation of these preferences is that contemporary media promotes certain mixed-race appearances as chic, fashionable, or post-racial," suggested Lin, "while simultaneously portrays mono-racial Asians as being passive, sly, effeminate, and nerdy."
Researchers did not have enough data to study reactions to multiracial Asian Americans who were also Hispanic or also African American.

asians aren't creative claim computer science programmer japan american

Japan's Trying Hard to Catch U.S. in Software : Programming: The U.S. has 70% of the world market. Some say this proves that the Japanese aren't creative, but Americans in the industry are nervous.

JAPAN'S NEXT BIG STEP. Creativity, Invention and Innovation. One in a series.

July 08, 1990|TERESA WATANABE | TIMES STAFF WRITER



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TOKYO — In February, Nikkei Computer magazine rendered its verdict on one of the largest software development projects attempted in Japan, an automation project known as SIGMA.
"The Failure of a National Project that Took Five Years and 25 Billion Yen," the headline blared.
Software specialists have come to a similar conclusion about the Fifth Generation Project, the multimillion-dollar endeavor that was supposed to propel Japaninto world leadership in artificial intelligence.
"The stated goal was to leapfrog generations, and from that point of view, it was a flop," said Edmond Schonberg, a New York University professor who surveyed Japan's software development for the U.S. Commerce Department in 1986.
In a seemingly relentless march toward technological supremacy, Japan has dazzled the world with printers and copiers, autos and VCRs, stereos, semiconductors and supercomputers. But despite project after project, millions of investment dollars and national prestige being on the line, the Japanese are struggling with what many regard as the future's key technological frontier: software.
"I believe the one who can control the software can control business," said Katsuhide Hirai, director of Fujitsu America Inc.'s information systems division.
Yet it is Japanese stereos that the world demands, not their records; their VCRs, not their movies. In the same way, software specialists say, the Japanese have been far stronger in selling their business machines than the written instructions that tell them how to process words, calculate equations, analyze molecules, draw a three-dimensional architectural design.
In this arena, Made in America still dominates. U.S. software producers hold about 70% of the $70-billion world market, which is projected to explode to $1 trillion by the year 2000. To some analysts, the consistent inability of the Japanese to crack that market is proof that they lack the creativity and imagination critical to a process many liken to art.
"You can't pick it up and imitate it so easily. You can't carve it, measure it; you can't even see it. You need more creativity, and we may have the edge there for a long time," said Doug Jerger of ADAPSO, a software industry group.
"Software is pure mind stuff, more similar to poetry than anything else," said Joe Garber, principal at A. T. Kearney Technology in Redwood City, Calif. "And people with artistic natures do tend to behave a little differently.
"We tend to be very tolerant of strange people with long hair and bad eating habits who produce things of genius. And the Japanese don't quite understand that. The Japanese salaryman (office-worker) syndrome is not one that fosters artistic, aesthetically oriented creativity," Garber added.
Sound like the smug complacency that undermined U.S. leads in autos, steel, semiconductors? It isn't. Jerger and Garber, like nearly every American who discussed the issue, are not taking U.S. dominance for granted.
They recognize that the Japanese are not pursuing creative software with the same vigor that they are directing at breakthroughs in biotechnology, say, or new materials. They understand that the Japanese, pressed by a shortage of software engineers and buried by a backlog of orders, are pouring most of their energy into solid, reliable--but relatively unimaginative--projects, such as productivity tools and basic industrial systems.
Still, even as they rate Japan up to five years behind in most software areas, U.S. analysts throw in several big, cautionary buts :
* But the Japanese government has made software development a top priority. The Ministry of International Trade and Industry has promoted public-private programs and arranged tax incentives and software-engineer training programs.
* But major Japanese firms are pouring millions of dollars into the field. For instance, the 150% boost since 1981 in Hitachi Ltd.'s annual research spending of $2.7 billion has been driven by software spending in both basic industrial systems and such exotic-sounding fields as fuzzy logic. That form of software programs machines to think flexibly, like a human.
"Usually Hitachi focuses on manufacturing hardware," said chief engineer Sumihisa Kotani. "But as many people say, how to combine these components to build an integrated system is very, very important. Top managers have decided that software is the key."
* But the Japanese have proven their talent by building superior software systems that few Americans ever see: for banking operations, steel manufacturing controls, automobile plants. For instance, the auto industry's processes of quality control and flexible manufacturing are largely driven by skillful software engineering. "That is the reason why Japanese auto manufacturers are beating America," said Kouichi Kishida, technical director of Japan's Software Research Assn. "The main weapon is the computer system."

 http://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2014

JEWISH NOBEL PRIZE SCAM

The Nobel Prize system – whatever else it is – is an elitist enterprise: a network, a self-referential club that favors those with particular socio-economic advantages. It parallels in structure the incestuous traditional self-promotive Jewish model. In a 1977 study of American Nobel Prize winners (laureates) in science, Harriet Zuckerman determined that:
* 82% of Nobel winners had fathers who were professionals, managers,
or proprietors. [p. 65]
* Nobel winners were twice as likely as losers to have come from a
"professional" families, and a bit more likely than others to "have
fathers in business." [p. 65]
* Only 15% of the winners came from "blue-collar or white collar"
families. [p. 65]
* More than half of the 92 Nobel laureates surveyed "had worked as
students, post doctorates, or junior collaborators under older laureates.
[p. 116]
* There was a "fair amount of intermarriage between laureates and the kin
of laureates." [p. 97]
* Six laureates shared the prize with their mentors. [p. 116]
* Laureates tend to come from elite universities. [p. 116]
* "Elite masters [Nobel laureates] can mobilize resources for their
apprentices [future laureates]," including fellowships, grants, jobs,
and publication possibilities in influential journals. [p. 132]
* The prestige of the Nobel Prize has been used to "confer legitimacy"
upon "ideological, political, commercial, and military" ventures. [p. 23]

attractive long nose smater appearance study looking at him iq broad face long face

http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/04...ng_at_him_yes/

intelligent people have longer nose bridge

men with longer nose bridge are considered more attractive

that feel when i have a long nose bridge

virgin korean women survey sexuality korea

Heterosexual relationships

Teenagers

In a survey given in 1997, 44.4% of female high school students reported that they had had heterosexual relationships and 7.5% of the entire group had had coital experiences. Of the group who had had coital experiences, 38.7% claimed to have been coerced and 32.3% attributed the reason to love. In a group of students who had not performed vaginal intercourse, about half the students were open to the idea of having sex and blamed their lack of experience on the lack of opportunities. However, 44.7% of students accepted light kissing and 31.6% accepted holding hands as permissible behavior in dating. The majority view was that virginity should be kept until marriage, with 88.1% of the group. For the survey of male students, 16.2% admitted to having had coital experiences, mostly with their girlfriends (74.7%). On the other hand, 65.7% of male high school students indicated a positive attitude towards premarital sexual activity, but only 7.5% had had previous sexual experiences. As a whole, the rate of students who had had sexual experiences increased in the late 20th century.[1]

Adults

A survey in 1991 indicated that, of surveyed adult males aged from 20 to 40, over 80% had had previous heterosexual relationships. Of the 80%, 44.7% reported their first sexual experience to have been with a prostitute. A study of married couples revealed that about half the people studied thought negatively about premarital relationships; in general, the female partners were more open to premarital and extramarital relationships. The double standard of relationships [note 2] was hypothesized to cause psychological and physical (especially sexual) stress for females.[1] Hymenorrhaphy, or hymen reconstruction surgery, is also popular in Korea, as the hymen is prized as the symbol for virginity.[15]