anti japan sentiment opinion tiananmen square chinese propaganda history anti-japanese public opinion tension

Vogel recalled that, through the 1980s, the Chinese people’s attitude toward Japan was not hostile.
Things started to change, however, after the Tiananmen Square uprising of 1989, which culminated in a military crackdown. This represented an existential threat to the Communist Party, which realized that faith in Marxism had evaporated in the wake of the party’s embrace of market principles.
The abandonment of world revolution and class struggle by Deng after the death of Mao Zedong led many to lose faith in Marxism. In searching for another rationale for the party’s monopoly on power, the party decided on the use of nationalism, with such sentiments to be inculcated through patriotic education.